转：许杰：中国散户股民的十大悲哀_网易新闻中心

许杰：中国散户股民的十大悲哀_网易新闻中心

许杰：中国散户股民的十大悲哀
2008-04-29 10:17:13　来源: 千龙网　网友评论 45 条 点击查看

* 　　中国的股市是大户的金矿，散户的坟场。诚哉斯言！中国散户股民，皆因散故而称民，散民在股市中一盘散沙，东征西讨，南征北战，成王败寇，伤痕累累，从来散户皆赔本，唯有庄家赚其钱。

作者：许杰

中国的股市是大户的金矿，散户的坟场。诚哉斯言！散者，不拘检者也。《荀子·脩身》云，“庸众驽散”。中国散户股民，皆因散故而称民，散民在股市中一盘散沙，东征西讨，南征北战，成王败寇，伤痕累累，从来散户皆赔本，唯有庄家赚其钱。余许某一小散而已，炒股经年，眺望股海，悲从中来，细细数来，共十条也：

一曰诚惶诚恐，患得患失。想当年舍不吃，舍不穿，把自己积攒多年的血汗钱糊口钱养命钱一古脑儿塞进股市，从此与股票结下不解之缘。没成想，刚入市即被深套，股市与高速增长的中国经济却南辕北辙，背道而驰，只好眼睁睁地看着自己心爱的股票往火坑里跳，自己却无能为力，只觉食而无味，睡而辗转，终日惶惶，神经兮兮。真应了北京流行四大傻之说，“炒股炒成股东，泡妞泡成老公”。在一操盘手朋友的指点下，补仓摊薄成本价，却没想到地板下面还有地下室，地下室下面又是地狱，至地狱打死我也没想到地狱居然有18层！最终只好一咬牙，一狠心，把它割在了18层地狱里。各位看官，你能想象到我当时的惶恐了吧。

二曰劳命伤身，积郁成积。喜怒忧思悲恐惊，乃古人所称七情也。此七情惟散民体验最深刻。《内经》云：“大怒伤肝，大喜伤心，大思伤神，大悲伤胃，大惊伤肾”。皆因股市里七情俱具，故炒股滋生百病。君不见，散民整日盯着电脑目不交睫，扫描大盘伸着脖颈，用眼过度，眼底充血，结膜发炎，能不患红眼病者有几人哉？君不见，散民朋友以股市为家，饥一餐饱一餐，饱受套牢之煎熬，倍受精神之压抑，能不伤胃者有几人哉？君不见，散民备受黑庄愚弄，遍尝上市公司暗算，心中忿忿，满腹牢骚，怨声载道，能不断肠者有几人哉？君不见，初入道者听信黑嘴乱弹，接了庄家飞刀，或不小心踩了年报地雷，造成巨亏，怒火中烧，肝火攻心，能不痛肝彻肺有几人哉？有谣为证：一杯两口，至三点方睡。四眼朦胧，已五更钟碎。六百家股票，七伤八落；久久难眠，十分憔悴。

三曰一日不见，如隔三秋。炒股也能上瘾，瘾者心瘾也，散民俱对股票有种强烈的依赖感，胜过情人美人。不信你瞧瞧，有几个散民在灯红酒绿纸醉金迷中花天酒地，寻花问柳。惟股票是其好逑之淑女也。辗转反侧，皆为股票，梦萦魂牵，甚至魂不守舍，皆为股票也。一晚梦中，我居然梦见自己找到一匹黑马，那是我的股票啊，翻着跟斗似的往上涨，两市飘红，一把赚晕，心里一喜，惊跌于床下。日有所思，夜有所梦，我能离得开我的股票吗？见了人必道指数，言必称均线。我从一股盲，差不到炼成今天见人就对股票指指点点的半个“股评家”，都是股票醺陶得法。我想，如果爱情能让人成为文学家，股票就能让任何一个散民都成为演说家、思想家，哲学家。

四曰人分九等，散民算老几？炒股算不算职业，我不清楚。但散民亦是民，现在能饭者已无几人。曾几何时，漫漫熊市里，有谁说自己是炒股的，不笑掉别人的大牙哪算怪事，一首顺口溜云：工作没法找，只把股票炒；单位下了课，股市混着过。散民悲哀的写照啊！泱泱中国数千万散民，却连个组织也没有，受骗上当，只好打掉牙往肚里吞，有谁吭个一声，吭声也没人理你。谁教你是散民？当散民就注定孤芳自赏孤军奋战孤注一掷孤独一生，股市里看不到第一手资料，听不到一流信息，得不到一流服务，甚至看大盘连冷板凳也没得坐，谁瞧得起你散民哪？有联为证：一杯茶，一包烟，一只烂股盯半天；一分钱，一分闲，一批散户套半年。

五曰挨揍受痛，遍体鳞伤。天下熙熙，皆为利来，天下攘攘，皆为利往。有位哲人说：世界上最难做的事，就是能把别人的钱拿进来；把自己的思想送出去。庄家要赚钱，上市公司要圈钱，券商要赚佣金，国家要收印花税，股评家要钱，证券媒体要赚钱，甚至连卖报纸卖盒饭看自行车都要赚钱……在这样一个尔虞我诈刀光剑影的股市搏弈中，一开局就注定了我们小散的败局，某种意义上说小散民永远都只能是机构黑庄陪练对象，打不还手，靠遍体的伤痛作为回报。2008年初的一轮暴跌行情即可见一斑，损失最为惨烈的都是我们散民哪。至今我还在天真幻想着有“救世主”出来救市，舍不得再次割肉，面对暴跌，茫然失措，长叹息以掩涕兮，哀吾股之被套。

六曰黑幕重重，防不胜防。中国股市从诞生那天起，就与黑有着天生的渊源：黑箱黑幕黑庄黑会黑嘴……这一切的一切，都叫咱小散防不胜防哪。一位最著名的股评家呕心沥血写了一本最荒唐的书：《银广夏———中国第一绩优股》，使得多少散民“如痴如醉”地上了银广夏这条贼船。看似机会，似则陷阱，里面暗藏杀机。中科创业东窗事发后，黑庄吕梁，一边放出烟幕弹，自曝家丑，一边却悄悄卷款潜逃。无独有偶，亿安科技百元神话谜底被揭开后，黑庄没被即时拿获，而又让罗成得以卷款出逃，使9亿元非法所得和罚款成泡影，让受害者的投资赔偿无望。中石油没上市前媒体、股评说：“50元不贵，机构不会给散民机会”。我考！上市后，又异口同声说估值过高，所幸自己没有中招。前不久，我在股吧里听到一首股民版的《同一首歌》，见到中石油那一路走低的K线时，心里一酸，悲从中来。座中泣下谁最多？被套散民青衫湿。

七曰夜半鸡叫，心惊肉跳。世事如烟，股市也如烟。每当股市影响到“大局”时，那只巨手就伸向了股市，而此时就是多数股民套牢的开始。散民就象农家后院的猪仔，喂养它就是为了宰杀它。切记在中国做投资者，千万不能忘记党的领导。不信？2007年5月30日，财政部在5.30凌晨将股票交易印花税从0.1%调高到0.3%，大盘跳空低开，全日跌幅达到6.5%，近900只股票跌停。作为消息闭塞，资金不太充裕的散民们顿时逃生无门。有《沁园春·血》一词为证：股国风光，千里节急疯，万里血漂。望股指内外，绿色莽莽；大盘直下，顿时狂逃。上施阴刀，下使冷套，庄家小散全中招。须数日，看沪深两市，分外萧条。诚信如此多狡，引无数良民百姓竞挖腰。惜金牛失角，英年早逝；鲲鹏折翅，一日魂消。一代贪腐，敲骨吸髓，只会扒皮搞内耗。俱完矣，数风流人物，半夜鸡叫。

八曰一人炒股，全家受苦。炒股即堕落。不信你看看，多少诚实守信要面子的好人，一炒股就跟换了个人似的。一个从来借别人一分钱不还就睡不稳觉的好人，为了解套，甚至满怀希望地赚个钵满盆满，只得信誓旦旦指天发誓向人开口借钱，屡套屡借，屡借屡套，亲朋好友的银子全让扔进了黑庄的嘴里。从此以后，就只剩下东躲西藏，无脸见江东父老。

九曰火中取栗，后悔莫及。中国散民是最受蚊子欢迎的品种，不但血多，而且品质好——太有人味了。散民天天作梦天上掉馅饼可只掉下来几块石头结果被砸的头破血流还哭不出声来的那个可怜虫，惟此，交易所内后悔之音不绝于耳，大有祥林嫂的唠叨之意。当年始皇帝发三千童男童女往海上寻找长生不老之药，而今数千万散民济济一条船上，在股海里寻求同一味药——后悔药。后悔药是股市里最珍贵最可遇而不可求的药。曾几何时，持股一年非但不涨而且大跌，忍痛斩仓，今日出局，明日涨停矣，肠子都悔青了，世上能有后悔药买，花多大代价也值。安得后悔良药千万粒，大庇天下散民尽欢颜？有歌词为证：万绿丛中，套牢股民真不少，一点红里，黑庄掩口窃自笑.割肉逃离又涨，回头买入再套。

十曰刀口舔血，一失足成千古恨。股市有风险，入市须谨慎——这是一条放之股海而皆准的真理。无论小散们多么的谨小慎微，多么的小心翼翼，只要你敢刀口舔血，就有可能成为别人的营养品。有一位在股海里跌得头破血流的小散告诫朋友说，作为中国人应有三戒：曰戒毒、曰戒赌、曰戒股。在这样一个充满诱惑与欺诈，虚伪与谎言的股市里，你一个小散能斗得过谁？不淘汰你淘汰谁？而散民因炒股心理承受力差，搞得身败名裂，家庭破裂，臭不可闻的屡见不鲜，更有因此搭上一条小命，哪真是冤哉枉也。有诗为证：死去原知万事空但悲不见大盘红多头势不可挡日家祭无忘告乃翁。未思进，先思退；先保命，后赚钱；先图生存，后谋发展。其实，小命也换不来利好，扭不了乾坤，保命要紧，这死胡同，散民朋友千悲万哀千万别往里钻哦。

汇集最有力的声音，更多精彩评论请点击》》》》》》评论频道

(本文来源：千龙网 作者：许杰) 李啸天

这年头

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=任用。这年头，海关实现了十化：关长贵族化，关员奴隶化，考核经常化，上班日夜化，加班无偿化，挨训习惯化，晋升内定化，检查形式化，待遇渲染化，加
薪？***神话！
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　　这年头，警察接到五条禁令：禁止和美女睡觉兴奋致死！禁止和情人睡觉醉生梦死！禁止和丑女睡觉烦躁致死！禁止和小姐睡觉劳累致死！禁止和老婆睡觉整夜装死！
　　这年头，干部素质要求你：心中有小平，袋中有文凭，对上能摆平，对下能铲平，道德没水平，金库能填平，左手拿酒瓶，右手握药瓶，家里有醋瓶，外面有花瓶！
　　这年头，构建和谐社会要注意在自然界不要和天斗，在国际社会不要和美国斗，在路上不要和军车斗，在单位不要和领导斗，在家里不要和老婆斗！
　
　这年头，听说要去打台湾，一老红军把计献：派三万人马足矣：派一万小姐过去把他奶奶的国军身体搞垮，派一万河南老乡过去把他娘的经济搞乱，派一万领导干
部过去把***国库折腾干！这年头，十类人不宜做大官：1胆小，2话多，3钱少，4关系差，5酒量小，6才华横溢，7学历太高，8疾恶如仇，9性功能差，
10有姿色不肯献身。
　　这年头，开展批评太难了：批评老婆她就乱跑，批评老公他就乱搞！批评上级就官位难保，批评同级就关系难搞，批评自己就自寻烦恼，批评下级就选票减少

实话实说 股票版

实话实说
小 崔：大叔大妈，好久不见，股票炒得挺好吧？
宋丹丹：好啊，那是相当得好！
小 崔：买的都是啥股票？
赵本山：都是中石油嘛。
宋丹丹：不说话还能把你憋死？
赵本山：我看中石油得先把你憋死！
小 崔：大妈，我听说中石油最近跌得很厉害啊？
宋丹丹：假象，绝对的假象！不会下蹲的股票是跳不高的。股评家说了，买了中石化，生活不用怕；买了中石油，生活不用愁。
赵本山：是啊，那中石油是干蹲不起，啥时候跌停板了也就到底了。
小 崔：大叔，你买的是什么股票？
宋丹丹：那他能好意思说吗？中国平安！
小 崔：大叔，您当时咋想的？
赵本山：我寻思中国平安从149元跌到100元就是地板价了，没想到地板下面还有地窖，地窖下面还有地狱，更没想到的是地狱还有十八层！
小 崔：看来炒股赚钱还真挺难的。 大叔大妈,现在有啥打算？
宋丹丹：还打算啥呀？搁家解套呗！石油套----钢钢的----老他妈难解了！问君能有几多愁，恰似满仓中石油。
赵本山：我整个锣，没事出去敲一敲：平安无事了！
小 崔：大叔大妈，每人一句话,总结感言.
宋丹丹：我十分想抛中石油.
赵本山：说那玩儿干啥?我整点有用的说.印花税啥时候降下来呀?

直接在Youtube网站看到MTV的歌词

If you want to see a music video, there's a good chance you'll find it
on YouTube. The downside is that YouTube doesn't offer any
music-related feature, so you can't find information about the artists,
lyrics or concert dates.

A simple Greasemonkey script
adds one of these missing feature: lyrics. The script creates a
container titled "Lyrics" below the video's description and shows the
lyrics when you expand the container. Obviously, the video must contain
the artist's name and the song's title. If the script doesn't find the
lyrics of a song, change the site that provides lyrics
(lyrics.astraweb.com seems to be the best) or choose from one the
alternative songs.

As usually, to install this script you need Firefox and the Greasemonkey extension.
Lyrics for YouTube's Music Videos

power adapter plug around the world 世界各地的地电源插头

ELECTRIC POWER AROUND THE WORLD

The table below summarizes
information on the electrical systems in use in most countries of the world.

The voltages listed here are the “nominal”
figures reported to be in use at most residential or commercial sites in the country or
area named. Most electrical power systems are prone to slight variations in voltage due to
demand or other factors. Many former 220 V countries have converted or
are in the process of converting to the EU standard of 230 V.
Generally, this difference is inconsequential, as most appliances are built to tolerate current a certain
percentage above or below the rated voltage. However,
severe variations in current can damage electrical equipment.

The electric power frequency is shown in the number of
hertz (cycles per second). Even if voltages are similar, a 60-hertz clock or tape
recorder may not function properly on 50 hertz current. All systems described here
use alternating current (AC). The plug types listed indicate all types known to be
in use in that country. Not all areas of a country may use all types of plugs listed
for that country, since there may be regional differences based on the power system in a
certain area.

Finally, I've only included information that is likely
to be relevant for travelers. Just about everywhere listed here has higher voltage
lines available for heavy duty appliances (not to mention commercial or industrial
applications). While this would be relevant for those moving to another country, I'm
assuming most travelers will leave their clothes dryers, air conditioners and arc welders
at home!
If you are interested in converting electrical
units or sizing a generator try these Power
Generator Calculators (for calculating generator size in kW, converting
kW to kVA, kVA to kW, Volts, Amps, and more).

COUNTRY	VOLTAGE	FREQUENCY	PLUG	COMMENTS
Afghanistan	220 V	50 Hz	C & F *	* A UN correspondent reports C and F common in Kabul, but its likely a variety of plugs may be used around the country. Some sources report Type D also in use. Other reports indicate voltage variances from 160V to 280V.
Albania	220 V*	50 Hz	C & F	*Voltage variations common
Algeria	230 V	50 Hz	C* & F	*A variation of Type C with a ground post offset about 1/2-inch from center may also be found.
American Samoa	120 V	60 Hz	A, B, F & I
Andorra	230 V	50 Hz	C & F
Angola	220 V	50 Hz	C
Anguilla	110 V	60 Hz	A (maybe B)
Antigua	230 V*	60 Hz	A & B	*Airport area is reportedly Antigua power is 110 V.
Argentina	220 V	50 Hz	C & I*	*Neutral and line wires are reversed from that used in Australia and elsewhere. Click here for more.
Armenia	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Aruba	127 V*	60 Hz	A, B & F	*Lago Colony 115V
Australia	240 V	50 Hz	I	*Outlets typically controlled by adjacent switch. Click here for more.
Austria	230 V	50 Hz	F	Type C may be found, but rare.
Azerbaijan	220 V	50 Hz	C, F
Azores	220 V*	50 Hz	B, C, & F	*Ponta Delgada 110 V; to be converted to 220 V
Bahamas	120 V	60 Hz	A & B
Bahrain	230 V*	50 Hz*	G	*Awali 110 V, 60 Hz
Balearic Islands	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Bangladesh	220 V	50 Hz	A, C, D, G & K
Barbados	115V	50 Hz	A, B
Belarus	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Belgium	230 V	50 Hz	E	Notes from correspondents: a 'C' style plug can be used with 'E' and 'F' receptacles. All double-insulated appliances are indeed fitted with a 'C' plug, and can be used in any compatible receptacle (C E F and narrow L). Type C receptacles are prohibited in Belgium.
Belize	110/220 V	60 Hz	B & G
Benin	220 V	50 Hz	E
Bermuda	120 V	60 Hz	A & B
Bhutan	230 V	50 Hz	D, F, & G	Type M plugs also identified by some sources.
Bolivia	220/230 V*	50 Hz	A & C	*La Paz & Viacha 115V
Bosnia	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Botswana	231V	50 Hz	M	Type G may be found, but rare.
Brazil	110/220 V*	60 Hz	A & B, C	*127 V found in states of Bahia, Paran� (including Curitiba), Rio de Janeiro, S鉶 Paulo and Minas Gerais (though 220 V may be found in some hotels). Other areas are 220 V only, with the exception of Fortaleza (240 V). Outlets (click for more) are often a combination of type A and C and can accept either type plug.
Brunei	240 V	50 Hz	G
Bulgaria	230 V	50 Hz	C* & F*	*Outlets are reported as type F, though both type C and F plugs may be encountered.
Burkina Faso	220 V	50 Hz	C & E
Burundi	220 V	50 Hz	C & E
Cambodia	230 V	50 Hz	A & C*	*Some outlets are a combination of type A and C and can accept either type plug. Plug G may be found in some hotels.
Cameroon	220 V	50 Hz	C, E
Canada	120 V	60 Hz	A & B
Canary Islands	220 V	50 Hz	C, E, & L	Type L plugs/outlets may have different pin spacing. The smaller and closer pins are for a rated current of 10 A, the bigger and wider pins are for a rated current of 16 A.
Cape Verde	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Cayman Islands	120 V	60 Hz	A & B
Central African Republic	220 V	50 Hz	C & E
Chad	220 V	50 Hz	D, E & F
Channel Islands	230 V	50 Hz	G
Chile	220 V	50 Hz	C & L
China, People's Republic of	220 V	50 Hz	A, I, G	The "official" plug type is like type A but slightly shorter and without holes in blades. Type A and I outlets are common, and Type G might also be found. Click here for photos and more info.
Colombia	110 V	60 Hz	A & B
Comoros	220 V	50 Hz	C & E
Congo, People's Rep. of	230 V	50 Hz	C & E
Congo, Dem. Rep. of (former Zaire)	220 V	50 Hz	C & D
Cook Islands	240 V	50 Hz	I
Costa Rica	120 V	60 Hz	A & B
C魌e d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)	220 V	50 Hz	C & E
Croatia	230 V	50 Hz	C & F
Cuba	110/220 V	60 Hz	A & B, C, F & L	Most older hotels 110 V. Some newer hotels 220 V. Some outlets are a combination of type A and C and can accept either type plug.
Cyprus	240 V	50 Hz	G
Czech Republic	230 V	50 Hz	E
Denmark	230 V	50 Hz	C & K	Denmark's connectors have slight differences from those used elsewhere. While pin diameter and spacing is standard, outlets may have different housing depths which could interfere with standard adaptors -- one report says this is due to "childproofing." Also, Plug C fits into K-type outlets (but not vice versa).
Djibouti	220 V	50 Hz	C & E
Dominica	230 V	50 Hz	D & G
Dominican Republic	110 V	60 Hz	A	Type J may exist in some hotels.
East Timor	220 V	50 Hz	C, E, F, I,	A UN correspondent reports "power is poor in the country with frequent brownouts and blackouts. I suspect that surges are frequent as we go through a lot of surge-protecting power bars." Further he reports than Type I is common as much construction is done by Australians; type C is common in building built during Indonesian occupation; type E is less common; type F is common in offices but not hotels.
Ecuador	120-127 V	60 Hz	A & B
Egypt	220 V	50 Hz	C
El Salvador	115V	60 Hz	A & B
England (See United Kingdom)
Equatorial Guinea	220 V*	50 Hz	C & E	*Voltage varies between 150 & 175V with frequent outages
Eritrea	230 V	50 Hz	C
Estonia	230 V	50 Hz	F	Type C may be found in older buildings. Type E plugs may work in either C or F type outlets.
Ethiopia	220 V	50 Hz	D, J, & L
Faeroe Islands	220 V	50 Hz	C & K
Falkland Islands	240 V	50 Hz	G
Fiji	240 V	50 Hz	I
Finland	230 V	50 Hz	C & F
France	230 V	50 Hz	E	Type C plugs may be found on some appliances, and will fit the Type E outlet. Type C outlets may be found in older buildings. Type A may be found in older buildings but is illegal.
French Guiana	220 V	50 Hz	C, & E
Gaza	230 V	50 Hz	H
Gabon	220 V	50 Hz	C
Gambia	230 V	50 Hz	G
Georgia	220 V	50 Hz	C
Germany	230 V	50 Hz	C & F
Ghana	230 V	50 Hz	D & G
Gibraltar	240 V	50 Hz	C & G
Great Britain (See United Kingdom)
Greece	220 V	50 Hz	C, D, E & F
Greenland	220 V	50 Hz	C & K
Grenada (Windward Is.)	230 V	50 Hz	G
Guadeloupe	230 V	50 Hz	C, D, & E
Guam	110 V	60 Hz	A & B
Guatemala	120 V	60 Hz	A, B, G, & I
Guinea	220 V	50 Hz	C, F & K
Guinea-Bissau	220 V	50 Hz	C
Guyana	240 V*	60 Hz*	A, B, D & G	*Inside the capital city of Georgetown, both 120 V and 240 V at either 50 or 60 Hz are found, depending on the part of the city (50 Hz most common). Actual voltage may vary from area to area.
Haiti	110 V	60 Hz	A & B
Honduras	110 V	60 Hz	A & B
Hong Kong	220 V*	50 Hz	G, M	Type M replaced by Type G but still found.
Hungary	230 V	50 Hz	C & F
Iceland	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
India	230 V	50 Hz	C & D	Click here for photos and more info.
Indonesia	127/230 V*	50 Hz	C, F & G	*Conversion to 230 V in progress; complete in principal cities
Iran	230 V	50 Hz	C
Iraq	230 V	50 Hz	C, D, & G
Ireland (Eire)	230	50 Hz	G	Type D once common and may be occasionally found.
Isle of Man	240 V	50 Hz	C & G
Israel	220 V	50 Hz	C
Italy	230 V	50 Hz	C, F & L	Type L plugs/outlets may have different pin spacing. The smaller and closer pins are for a rated current of 10 A, the bigger and wider pins are for a rated current of 16 A. Both kinds are currently used and comply to the relevant Italian (CEI) regulations. Some outlets have overlapping holes to accept either older or newer types.
Ivory Coast (See C魌e d'Ivoire)
Jamaica	110 V	50 Hz	A & B
Japan	100 V	50/60 Hz*	A, B	*Eastern Japan 50 Hz (Tokyo, Kawasaki, Sapporo, Yokohoma, and Sendai); Western Japan 60 Hz (Osaka, Kyoto, Nagoya, Hiroshima)
Jordan	230 V	50 Hz	D, F, G & J*	*Type C may be found in some hotels.
Kenya	240 V	50 Hz	G
Kazakhstan	220 V	50 Hz	C
Kiribati	240 V	50 Hz	I
Korea, South	220 V	60 Hz	C & F*	*Type F likely to be found in offices and hotels. 110 V power with plugs A & B was previously used but is being phased out. Older buildings may still have this, and some hotels offer both 110 V and 220 V service.
Kuwait	240 V	50 Hz	D* & G	*Type D primarily used for 15A service, Type G primarily for 13A service..
Laos	230 V	50 Hz	A, B, C, E & F
Latvia	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Lebanon	110/220 V	50 Hz	A, B, C, D & G
Lesotho	220 V	50 Hz	M
Liberia	120 V	60 Hz	A & B
Libya	127 V*	50 Hz	D	*Barce, Benghazi, Derna, Sebha & Tobruk 230 V
Lithuania	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Liechtenstein	230 V	50 Hz	J
Luxembourg	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Macau	220 V	50 Hz	D & G
Macedonia	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Madagascar	220 V	50 Hz	C & E
Madeira	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Malawi	230 V	50 Hz	G
Malaysia	240 V	50 Hz	G
Maldives	230 V	50 Hz	A, D, G, J, K & L
Mali	220 V	50 Hz	C & E
Malta	240 V	50 Hz	G
Martinique	220 V	50 Hz	C, D, & E
Mauritania	220 V	50 Hz	C
Mauritius	230 V	50 Hz	C & G
Mexico	127 V	60 Hz	A & B
Micronesia (Federal States of)	120 V	60 Hz	A & B
Monaco	127/220 V	50 Hz	C, D, E F
Mongolia	220 V	50 Hz	C & E
Montenegro	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Montserrat (Leeward Is.)	230 V	60 Hz	A & B
Morocco	127/220 V*	50 Hz	C & E	*Conversion to 220 V only underway
Mozambique	220 V	50 Hz	C, F & M*	*Type M found especially near the border with South Africa, including the capitol, Maputo.
Myanmar (formerly Burma)	230 V	50 Hz	C, D, F & G*	Type G* found primarily in better hotels. Also, many of major hotels chains are said to have multipurpose outlets, which will take Australian 3-pin plugs and perhaps other types.
Namibia	220 V	50 Hz	M
Nauru	240 V	50 Hz	I
Nepal	230 V	50 Hz	C & D
Netherlands	230 V	50 Hz	C & F
Netherlands Antilles	127/220 V*	50 Hz	A, B, & F	*St. Martin 120 V 60 Hz; Saba &(St. Eustatius 110 V 60 Hz A, maybe B
New Caledonia	220 V	50 Hz	F
New Zealand	230 V	50 Hz	I
Nicaragua	120 V	60 Hz	A
Niger	220 V	50 Hz	A, B, C, D, E & F
Nigeria	240 V	50 Hz	D & G
Northern Ireland (see United Kingdom)
Norway	230 V	50 Hz	C & F
Okinawa	100 V*	60 Hz	A, B & I	*Military facilities 120 V
Oman	240 V*	50 Hz	G	*Voltage variations common
Pakistan	220 V	50 Hz	C & D
Palmyra Atoll	120 V	60 Hz	A & B
Panama	110 V*	60 Hz	A, B	*Panama City 120 V
Papua New Guinea	240 V	50 Hz	I
Paraguay	220 V	50 Hz	C
Peru	220 V*	60 Hz*	A, B & C	*Talara 110/220 V; Arequipa 50 Hz
Philippines	220 V	60 Hz	A, B, C	Type A most commonly found.
Poland	230 V	50 Hz	C & E
Portugal	230 V	50 Hz	C & F
Puerto Rico	120 V	60 Hz	A & B
Qatar	240 V	50 Hz	D & G
R閡nion Island	220 V	50 Hz	E
Romania	230 V	50 Hz	C & F
Russia	220 V	50 Hz	F & C	Type F used in new construction. Type C common in older structures.
Rwanda	230 V	50 Hz	C & J
St. Kitts and Nevis (Leeward Is.)	230 V	60 Hz	D & G
St. Lucia (Windward Is.)	240 V	50 Hz	G
St. Vincent (Windward Is.)	230 V	50 Hz	A, C, E, G, I & K
Samoa	230 V	50 Hz	I
Saudi Arabia	127/220 V	60 Hz	A, B, F & G
Scotland (See United Kingdom)
Senegal	230 V	50 Hz	C, D, E & K
Serbia	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Seychelles	240 V	50 Hz	G
Sierra Leone	230 V	50 Hz	D & G
Singapore	230 V	50 Hz	G	Type A adaptors are widely available from shops as an extension set of 2 to 5 sets of sockets; most commonly used for audio and video equipment.
Slovak Republic	230 V	50 Hz	E
Slovenia	220 V	50 Hz	C & F
Somalia	220 V*	50 Hz	C	*Berbera 230 V; Merca 110/220 V
South Africa	220/230 V*	50 Hz	M**	*Grahamstad & Port Elizabeth 250V; also found in King Williams ** Types C & G can also be found in some areas.
Spain	230 V	50 Hz	C & F	A correspondent reports that in Barcelona's Barrio Gothic, voltage is 120 V 60 Hz using Types C & F plugs. Step up transformers are required to use typical European devices.
Sri Lanka	230 V	50 Hz	D
Sudan	230 V	50 Hz	C & D
Suriname	127 V	60 Hz	C & F
Swaziland	230 V	50 Hz	M
Sweden	230 V	50 Hz	C & F
Switzerland	230 V	50 Hz	J	Type C plugs are common on appliances, and will fit the Type J outlet.
Syria	220 V	50 Hz	C, E, & L
Tahiti	110/220 V	60 Hz	A, B, E	Information is based mainly on hotel experiences reported by travelers.
Tajikistan	220 V	50 Hz	C & I
Taiwan	110 V	60 Hz	A, B
Tanzania	230 V	50 Hz	D & G
Thailand	220 V	50 Hz	A & C*	*Some outlets are a combination of type A and C and can accept either type plug.
Togo	220 V*	50 Hz	C	*Lome 127 V
Tonga	240 V	50 Hz	I
Trinidad & Tobago	115V	60 Hz	A & B
Tunisia	230 V	50 Hz	C & E
Turkey	230 V	50 Hz	C & F
Turkmenistan	220 V	50 Hz	B & F
Uganda	240 V	50 Hz	G
Ukraine	220 V	50 Hz	C
United Arab Emirates	220 V*	50 Hz	G
United Kingdom	230 V*	50 Hz	G	*Outlets typically controlled by adjacent switch. Though nominal voltage has been officially changed to 230 V, 240 V is within tolerances and commonly found.
United States of America	120 V	60 Hz	A & B
Uruguay	220 V	50 Hz	C, F, I* & L	Type F becoming more common as a result of computer use. *Neutral and line wires are reversed from that used in Australia and elsewhere. Click here for more.
Uzbekistan	220 V	50 Hz	C & I
Vanuatu	230 V	50 Hz	I	Some Type G may linger from British Colonial period, but are a rarity.
Venezuela	120 V	60 Hz	A & B
Vietnam	127/220 V*	50 Hz	A, C & G	*To be standardized at 220 V. Type G found in newer hotels, primarily those built by Singaporean and Hong Kong developers.
Virgin Islands (British and U.S.)	115V	60 Hz	A & B
Wales (See United Kingdom)
Yemen, Rep. of	220/230 V	50 Hz	A, D & G
Zambia	230 V	50 Hz	C, D & G
Zimbabwe	220 V	50 Hz	D & G

Primary sources: Electric Current Abroad (1998 edition), U.S. Department of
Commerce, National Technical Information Service; World Electricity Supplies and Electrical
Plugs; an International Survey, (both 1993), British Standards Institute.
Additionally, since this table was first posted in late 1995, numerous revisions have (and
continue to be) made as a result of personal observations or reports from other travelers.

Electricity Around the World

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